THE OBSTACLES OF BILATERAL COOPERATION BETWEEN INDONESIA-NORWAY IN REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION (REDD+) PROGRAM FROM 2017-2021

Abstract

Indonesia and Norway have been cooperating in the REDD+ sector. This cooperation aims to reduce the level of deforestation that will affect the global climate. The author of this research uses a descriptive qualitative method whose main focus is literature study from various sources, including books, journals, and documents, as well as official websites of relevant ministries and institutions, for data processing, and data analysis according to the research topic. The author utilizes the theory of international relations, namely realism and utilizes the concept of relative gains to comprehensively answer the obstacles or challenges in the process of bilateral environmental cooperation between Indonesia and Norway, especially in the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) program which runs from 2017 to 2021. The results of this study, the author found that Norway did not realize the Result Based Payment (RBP) of 530 million krona or USD 56 million, equivalent to IDR 813 billion, for Indonesia's success in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 11.2 million tons CO2eq because according to the Norwegian Government, the measurement of carbon emissions by Indonesia is different from the measurement results of the Norwegian Government. On the other hand, the Government of Indonesia considers that the Government of Norway does not carry out procedural compliance and substantive compliance. In addition, the Norwegian government gave many requirements because the Indonesian government violated Indonesia's basic principles and was not in accordance with the initial agreement. So that the agreement commitments of these two countries cannot be implemented properly.